Splay 自平衡二叉搜索树

思想:通过不断以特殊方式将节点提升至根节点的方式,使二叉搜索树在随机数据下保持相对平衡。

特殊方式:由Tarjan提出的改进,在不断旋转一个节点的同时,若父亲和祖父节点在同一方向时,则先旋转父亲再旋转自己。

// rotates <p> up until <p> is the son of <target>
void splay(node* p, node* target) {
    while (p->father != target && p->father->father != target) {
        if (sontype(p) == sontype(p->father))
            rotateup(p->father);
        else
            rotateup(p);
        rotateup(p);
    }
    if (p->father->father == target)
        rotateup(p);
}

特殊处理:在根节点上方再放一个节点作为超根节点,并定义根节点为超根的一个儿子(随便哪一个)

node *overroot;
#define ROOT (overroot->lson)

在每次插入、查询、节点时,都将当前位置的节点Splay到根节点。

// rotates <p> up until <p> is a son of <overroot>
splay(p, overroot);

其他操作和裸二叉搜索树一致。

特殊用途:Splay操作和二叉搜索树的性质相配合时可以实现许多特殊的操作。将一个区间的左端节点Splay到根节点,再将右端节点Splay到根节点下方,区间内的所有点就会在右端节点的左子处形成一个子树。

配合懒标记可以处理许多恶心的区间修改查询问题,例如区间翻转,区间加/减,区间求和等。支持区间翻转也是其成为Link-Cut Tree的辅助树的原因之一。

时间复杂度:建树\(O(n)\),查询删除Splay最坏\(O(n)\),均摊\(O(log_2 n)\),常数极大(所以Splay除了LCT和某些毒瘤数据结构题之外一般不拿来当二叉搜索树用)

代码(洛谷P3391 【模板】文艺平衡树(Splay) 区间翻转)

/*
DOCUMENT NAME "20180704-luogu3391.cpp"
CREATION DATE 2018-07-04
SIGNATURE CODE_20180704_LUOGU3391
COMMENT 【模板】文艺平衡树(Splay) / Splay
*/

/* 你需要资瓷一个「区间翻转」的操作 */

#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cctype>
using namespace std;

const int MaxN = 100000 + 10;

int read() {
    char c;
    int val = 0;
    while (!isdigit(c = getchar()));
    do {
        val = (val << 1) + (val << 3) + c - '0';
    } while (isdigit(c = getchar()));
    return val;
}

int read(int& x) { return x = read(); }

struct node {
    int val, id;
    bool lazy; // reverse
    int size;
    node* lson, *rson;
    node* father;
};

node mem[MaxN], *memtop = mem;
#define ALLOCATE (++memtop)

node *overroot;
#define ROOT (overroot->lson)

typedef int Type;
const int Left = 0, Right = 1;

int size(node* p) { return (p == nullptr) ? 0 : p->size; }
void update(node* p) {
    if (p == nullptr)
        return;
    p->size = size(p->lson) + size(p->rson) + 1;
}

node*& getson(node* p, Type type) {
    return (type == Left) ? p->lson : p->rson;
}

// <son> must have a father
Type sontype(node* son) {
    if (son == son->father->lson)
        return Left;
    else
        return Right;
}

void connect(node* son, node* father, Type sontype) {
    getson(father, sontype) = son;
    if (son != nullptr)
        son->father = father;
}

void pushdown(node* p) {
    if (p == nullptr)
        return;
    if (p->lazy) {
        swap(p->lson, p->rson);
        if (p->lson != nullptr)
            p->lson->lazy = !p->lson->lazy;
        if (p->rson != nullptr)
            p->rson->lazy = !p->rson->lazy;
        p->lazy = false;
    }
}

// <p> must at least have a father
void rotateup(node* p) {
    Type t = sontype(p), fatype = sontype(p->father);
    node* fa = p->father, *grand = fa->father;
    node* b = getson(p, 1 - t);
    pushdown(fa);
    pushdown(p);
    if (grand != nullptr)
        connect(p, grand, fatype);
    connect(fa, p, 1 - t);
    connect(b, fa, t);
    update(fa);
    update(p);
}

// rotates <p> up until <p> is the son of <target>
void splay(node* p, node* target) {
    while (p->father != target && p->father->father != target) {
        //node* fa = p->father, *grand = p->father->father;
        if (sontype(p) == sontype(p->father))
            rotateup(p->father);
        else
            rotateup(p);
        rotateup(p);
        //if (grand->father == fa) {
        //	update(grand);
        //	update(fa);
        //	update(p);
        //}
        //else {
        //	update(fa);
        //	update(grand);
        //	update(p);
        //}
    }
    if (p->father->father == target) {
        //node* fa = p->father;
        rotateup(p);
        //update(fa);
        //update(p);
    }
}

void _build(int d[], int left, int right, node*& p, node* fa) {
    if (left > right)
        return;
    int mid = (left + right) / 2;

    p = ALLOCATE;
    p->father = fa;
    p->val = d[mid];
    p->id = mid - 1;

    _build(d, left, mid - 1, p->lson, p);
    _build(d, mid + 1, right, p->rson, p);
    update(p);
}

void build(int d[], int n) {
    overroot = ALLOCATE;
    overroot->val = -1; overroot->id = -1;
    _build(d, 1, n, overroot->lson, overroot);
    update(overroot);
}

node* findkth(int k, node* p = ROOT) {
    pushdown(p);
    if (size(p->lson) >= k)
        return findkth(k, p->lson);
    else if (size(p->lson) + 1 == k)
        return p;
    else if (size(p->lson) + 1 < k)
        return findkth(k - size(p->lson) - 1, p->rson);
    else
        return nullptr;
}

void reverse(int left, int right) {
    if (left > right)
        swap(left, right);
    node* lower = findkth(left), *upper = findkth(right + 2);
    splay(lower, overroot);
    splay(upper, lower);
    if (upper->lson != nullptr)
        upper->lson->lazy = !upper->lson->lazy;
}

void iterate(vector<int>& vec, node* p) {
    if (p == nullptr)
        return;
    pushdown(p);
    iterate(vec, p->lson);
    if (p->val != -1)
        vec.push_back(p->val);
    iterate(vec, p->rson);
}


int n, m;
int l, r;
vector<int> d;

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {

    read(n); read(m);
    d.reserve(n + 3);
    d.push_back(-1);
    d.push_back(-1);
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
        d.push_back(i);
    d.push_back(-1);
    build(d.data(), n + 2);

    for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) {
        read(l); read(r);
        reverse(l, r);
    }

    d.clear();
    iterate(d, ROOT);
    printf("%d", d[0]);
    for (int i = 1; i < d.size(); i++)
        printf(" %d", d[i]);
    printf("\n");

    return 0;
}

 

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